#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class AliveT{
    public: 
       AliveT() {
          myId = ++count;
          cout << "\tCreating instance " << myId  << endl;
       }

       AliveT( AliveT & other) {
          myId = ++count;
          cout << "\tParameter instance " <<  myId << " from "
               << other.GetID() << endl;
       }

       AliveT & operator = (const AliveT & ) {
           return *this;
       }

       ~AliveT() {
          cout << "\tDestroying instance " << myId << endl;
       }
       
       int GetID() {
          return myId;
       }

    private:
       inline static int count = 0;
       int myId;
};

void Function1(void);
void Function2(AliveT a);
void Function3(AliveT & a);
void Function4(void);
void Next(void);

int main() {
    // the first two instances come into existance.
    cout << endl << endl;
    cout << "Entering Main" << endl;
    AliveT a;
    AliveT b;

    cout <<"after the declarations" << endl;
    cout << endl;


    Next();


    int i{0};
    // declaring c inside of the body makes 
    //   a new istance each time the loop is iterated.
    cout << "Before the while loop" << endl;
    while (i < 4) {
       AliveT c;
       cout << "\t\t i = " << i << " C's id is " << c.GetID() << endl;
       ++i;
    }
    cout << "After the while loop" << endl;
    cout << endl;


    Next();




    // d will be alive for all iterations of the loop.
    cout << "Before the for loop" << endl;
    i = 0;
    for(AliveT d ; i < 3; ++i) {
        cout << "\t\t Inside the for loop  i = " << i
             << " and d's id is " << d.GetID() << endl; 
    }
    cout << "After the for loop " << endl;
    cout << endl;

    Next();

    // e has a very short lifetime.  
    // And code blocks don't need to be associated with a control struructure
    // but they probably should be.
    cout << "In a stand alone code block" << endl;
    {
        AliveT e;
        cout << "\t\t\tE's ID is " << e.GetID() << endl;
    }
    cout << "After a stand alone code block" << endl;
    cout << endl;



    Next();



    // function 1 declares a local variable 
    cout << "Calling Function1" << endl;
    Function1();
    cout << "After return from Function 1" << endl;
    cout << endl;



    Next();
    // function 1 declares a local variable 
    cout << "Calling Function1" << endl;
    Function1();
    cout << "After return from Function 1" << endl;
    cout << endl;



    Next();



    // function 2 has a pass by value
    cout << "Calling Function2" << endl;
    Function2(a);
    cout << "After return from Function 2" << endl;
    cout << endl;



    Next();


    // function 3 has a pass by reference
    cout << "Calling Function3" << endl;
    Function3(a);
    cout << "After return from Function 3" << endl;
    cout << endl;
   

    Next();



    //function 4 has a static variable
    // It will be destroyed last.
    cout << "Calling Function4" << endl;
    Function4();
    cout << "After return from Function 4" << endl;
    cout << endl;

    Next();

    // notice no new version of the last variable is created.
    cout << "Calling Function4" << endl;
    Function4();
    cout << "After return from Function 4" << endl;
    cout << endl;

    cout << "Returning from Main " << endl;
    return 0;
}

void Next(void) {
   cout << "Press Enter to continue" << endl;
   cin.ignore(100,'\n');

   cout << endl << endl << endl;
}

void Function1(void) {
   cout << "Starting Funciton 1 " << endl;
   AliveT a;

   cout << "Exiting Funciton 1 " << endl;
   return;
}

void Function2(AliveT p ) {
   cout << "Starting Funciton 2 " << endl;

   cout << "In Function 2 and the parameter is id " << p.GetID() << endl;
   cout << "Exiting Funciton 2 " << endl;
   return;
}

void Function3(AliveT & p) {
   cout << "Starting Funciton 3 " << endl;
   cout << "In Function 3 and the parameter is id " << p.GetID() << endl;

   cout << "Exiting Funciton 3 " << endl;
   return;
}

void Function4(void) {
   cout << "Starting Funciton 4 " << endl;
   static AliveT a;
   static int x{3};

   cout << "\t\t\tIn function 4, a's id is " << a.GetID() 
        << " x = " << x << endl;
   x++;

   cout << "Exiting Funciton 4 " << endl;
   return;
}