#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <limits>

using namespace std;

int main()  {

    unsigned char ch;
    unsigned long long int bigNumber{0};

    cout << "\tThe size of a char is " << sizeof(char) << endl; 
    cout << "\tThe size of a char is " << sizeof(ch) << endl; 
    cout << "\tThe size of a short is " << sizeof(short) << endl; 
    cout << "\tThe size of a int is " << sizeof(int) << endl; 
    cout << "\tThe size of a long is " << sizeof(long) << endl; 
    cout << "\tThe size of a long long is " << sizeof(bigNumber) << endl; 
    cout << "\tThe size of a long long is " << sizeof(long long) << endl; 
    cout << endl;

   
     // powers of two.
    for(int i = 1; i < 65; ++i) {
       bigNumber = bigNumber * 2 + 1;
       cout << "\t2^"  << i << " - 1 = " << setw(20) << bigNumber << endl; 
    }

    cout << endl;


    // limits
    numeric_limits<int>intInfo;

    cout << "The smallest int is " << intInfo.min() << endl;
    cout << "The largest int is " << intInfo.max() << endl;

    // overflow
    cout << bigNumber << " +  1 = " << bigNumber+1 << endl;

    // literals
    cout  << endl << endl;
    int i { 020};
    cout << "020 = " << i << endl;
    i = 0x20;
    cout << "0x20 = " << i << endl;
    i = 0Xf;
    cout << "0Xf = " << i << endl;
    i = 0b01111111'11111111'11111111'11111111;
    cout << "0b01111111'11111111'11111111'11111111 = " << i  << endl;
    cout << endl << endl;

    // some more overflow
    i = 0b10000000'00000000'00000000'00000000;
    cout << "0b10000000'00000000'00000000'00000000 = " << i << endl;
    cout << endl;

    int k{i+1};
    cout << i << " + 1 = " << k << endl;
    cout << "In hex: " << hex;
    cout << i << " + 1 = " << k << endl;
    cout << "In octal: " << oct;
    cout << i << " + 1 = " << k << endl;
    cout << dec;

    cout << endl << endl;


    // narrowing
    long long j{10'000'000'000'000};

    // i = j;
    i = static_cast<int>(j);

    cout << " j = " << j << " and i = " << i << endl;
 
    // widening no problem
    j = i;

    

    return 0;
}